Unit 2 Short Answer Questions

1. The enclosure movement gave rise to the growth of citites because it forced people to move to the cities and work in factories after their farms were closed.

2. The middle and lower class took up most of the population. Living conditions were tried to be improved because most of the population were overcrowded and miserable.

3. Immigrants were willing to work for lower wages, forcing others workers to lower their standards. Labor unions were created to give the workers the pay they deserve, not what they are willing to settle for so they can just skate by in life.

Obama’s Cabinet Positions

Secretary of Energy:
I think that Arnold Shwarzenegger would be a good secretary of energy. As governer, he has been around the world and seen things other countries are doing to be "green", like China producing ZAP 100% electic cars. He has some good ideas about energy, and could help in that department.

Secretary of Education:
Truthfully, I believe that Dave Lemons would be a great secretary of education. He has experience in the field of education and teaches in a very helpful way. He has very strong beliefs about No Child Left Behind and would help move the cause in the right direction.

Attorney General:
I think that David Boies would be a good Attorney General. He has experience as a lawyer and has been through many important trials, including the case that tore apart Microsoft and defending Vidce President Al Gore in the Bush vs. Gore case after the 2000 election. He is also very educated and has been was first a partner in a law firm in 1973.

United Nations Ambassador:
John McCain would might be a good UN Ambassador. Before his presidency campaign was started, McCain has traveled to many contries and befriended most of the leaders of those countries. Hopefully he is willing to listen and bring forth our ideas and needs truthfully, and will get along with the rest of the cabinet.

Secretary of Homeland Security:
I think Hilary Clinton would fit this position well. She has experience as senator and first lady. During her campaign for presidency, she expressed her concern for the citizens and would make the right decisions for our, as citizens, safety and America's safety.

Essay on Population & Wealth of Nations

"Essay on Population" by Thomas Malthus

• food necessary
• man & woman need relationships
• ratio stay same (people to population)
• can't overgrow
• nature will correct itself
• pop. increases geometrically & mathematically
• human pop. increases most
• doubles every 25 years
• no check in pop. = overgrowth
• death rate increases
• impossible not to reproduce
• european pop. = more kids
• native american pop. = miscarraiges (women = slaves)
• more food = pop. increases
• barbarian pop. fight w/ each other = balanced pop.
• england poor laws
• children dieing
• money 4 poor not helping
• always be poor
• pop. increase = less food 4 poor
• good intentions
• blame leaders
• healthy countries increase pop.
• Mexico, Spain, etc. high pop. w/ taxes & tyranny
• more room = more support
• natural disasters frequently affect pop.
• North American colonies rapid pop. growth
• Dutch / French colonies worst gov.
• pop. increase faster than food = famine
• harsh seasons = poor quality or no food
• plague = great increase in pop. = greater increase in pop. - surplus food
• famine & sickness = checks

"Wealth of Nations" by Adam Smith

• working = money to spend
• surplus produce = purchase needed stuff
• judgement and skill of labor
• number of people working
• kids disposed of
• those who can't work get free stuff
• labor bad = low production
• small groups = small production
• more supplies needed = more people = more separate groups
• less educated = working more
• don't need to know trade
• more goods made
• more wealth
• better products
• private land = landlord gets products pf labor
• every worker needs a master
• sometimes workman is own master
• rent = cost of use of land
• better land = higher rent
• easy profit for landlord
• demands rent even when land's not improved
• improved land = higher rent
• renting = monopoly game
• people took up land but didn't divide it up
• when land thought of as entertainment, it should be split between everyone in family
• when land thought of as more than entertainment, it should ALL be given to ONE person
• landlords like kings & every other form of government
• land given to landlord's children, like a monarchy
• prefer to give land to male kids
• if qualities equal, then oldest child receives land (because oldest usually is most educated) through lineal succession
• written laws out of date but still in use
• right of primogeniture states that 1st owner of patch of land will always own that land unless sold or taken by gov.
• purpose of law of primogeniture is to secure lineal succession of owners of patch of land according to owner's choices
• if land stays in family, gov. gets more money from property taxes
• after fall of roman empire people came from all over
• increase in taxes
• tax for protection (annual poll tax)
• pay fee to king to work on farms (pay commission)

Unit 1 Exam Outlines

1. Plato & Aristotle Outline

A. Intro/Restate Question
B. Plato

1. Background/Academy
2. Republic
3. Ideas of Tyranny
4. Ideas of Rulers
5. Ideas of Government

C. Aristotle

1. Background
2. Politics
3. Ideas on Tyranny
4. Ideas of Government
5. Ideas of rulers and subjects
6. Ideas on science

D. Comparison of the two

E. Conclusion w/ summary

2. Greek & roman Society Outline

A. Greek

1. Intro
2. Athens
3. Sparta
4. Polis System
5. Pericles Influence

B. Rome

1. Intro
2. 1st monarchy-king Romulus
3. estruscans driven out - race publica (people's government)
4. Centuriate Assembly: 193 groups (centuries) -95 poor, 98 rich (poor always lost)
5. SPQR - Hierarchy - 2 consuls, praetor, aedile, senate, & Qaestors
6. 2 social classes; plebians and patricians
7. Conflict of Orders
8. Tribal Assembly - 36 tribes (both rich and poor together)
9. New social plan - Dignitas & Gloria = Auctoritas

C. Comparison

1. Citizenships
2. Government bodies
3. Offices
4. Political changes
5. Eventual outcomes (conclusion sentence/topic)

3. American Revolution Outline

A. French & Indian War

• start in 1754
• 7 years war
• colonies & england vs. france & native americans
• ended on February 10 1763 with the Treaty of Paris of 1763
• Britain in debt by 140 million pounds
• Proclamation of 1763
• Western boundary (Appalacian Mountains)
• west=Native Americans

B. Taxes

• Sugar Act / Revenue Act (1764 on molasses, silk, wine, etc.)
• Stamp Act (February 1765 on documents) - Great Britain repelled tax later

C. Boston Massacre / Townshend Acts

• all taxes repelled except on tea (1770)
• Boston Massacre (March 5 1770)
• 11 injured, 5 dead (Crispus Atticks)

D. Boston Tea Party / Coercive Acts

• Boston Tea Party (December 16 1773)
• dumped 10,000 pounds worth (90,000 lbs) of tea into Boston Harbor
• March 18 1774 (Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts)
• British soldiers could be housed in any colonists' house

E. Paul Revere's Ride/Lexington/Concord

• 1 by land 2 by sea
• 1 dollar = 1/2 pound
• shot heard round the world (Lexington)
• April 19 1775
• Concord started beginning of Revo,lutionary War

F. Common Sense

• January 10, 1776 (first published) by Thomas Paine

• 500,000 copies first year

• anti-Britain ideas

G. Declaration of Independence

• written mostly by Thomas Jefferson from June 11 - June 28 1776
• July 4 1776
• individual rights
• helped spark French Revolution

H. Battles

• Fort Ticonderoga (May 10 1775)
• Bunker Hill (June 17 1775) colonists lost
• Trenton (December 26 1776 defeated British (1st victory)
• Valley forge (1777-1778) hard winter. much suffering training, many died
• Yorktown (May 20 1781) last battle of Revolution
• forced Brits to surrender with help of French ground and naval forces

I. Treaty of Paris / Aftermath

• Treaty of Paris of 1783
• marked end of war officially
• brought peace between Britain, France, Spain, America, & Netherlands
• Britain recovered, France didn't and had their own revolution
• U.S. Constitution
• legislative, judicial, executive
• September 17 1787
• amended 27 times
• first 10 amendments (Bill of Rights)

Declaration of the Rights of Man

1. All men have the same rights and special privaledges are given when the citizens agree to it.

2. The people in politics try to keep man's natural rights in tact.

3. The nation's government has the power and no one can use that power unless directly through the nation's government.

4. A man's natural rights cannot be denied unless they are harming someone else's natural rights.

5. Laws can only stop things that may harm the community. Anything that isn't illegal cannot be stopped.

6. Every citizen has that right to participate in the government. Every citizen also has an equal right to run for office.

7. No one can be arrested except when it is under the law. Anybody who breaks a law will be punished.

8. Punishments for broken laws can only be given when necessary and legal.

9. Everyone is innocent until proven guilty.

10. People have freedom of speech as long as it doesn't break any other laws.

11. People have freedom of speech and press unless they abuse their freedom.

12. Military forces are required to protect the rights of man and of the citizens.

13. Everyone shall be taxed in proportion to their means.

14. Everyone has the right to decide how much taxes are and how they are used.

15. By law, every public agent must have an administrative account.

16. A nation where the laws aren't enforced, there are no set of laws.

17. Since owning land is a special right, no one shall be deprived of this right unless public necessity clearly needs it.

This image uses images from Christian religions (angels). Along with the pyramid with an eye in the middle. This reminds me of the United States Constitution where it lists the amendments. This image is trying to show that the Declaration of the Rights of Man is such an important document it's like it was etched in stone.

"Common Sense" by Thomas Paine

"There is something exceedingly ridiculous in the composition of Monarchy; it first excludes a man from the means of information, yet empowers him to act in cases where the highest judgment is required. The state of a king shuts him from the World, yet the business of a king requires him to know it thoroughly; wherefore the different parts, by unnaturally opposing and destroying each other, prove the whole character to be absurd and useless."

This excerpt explains that a citizen wasn't allowed to know about where their money goes and what is going on, but can do things that can be extremely positive or negative and requires thought. Also, the King follows his own special laws made just for him, but is required to know about everything that goes on across the Atlantic in the colonies.

"It hath lately been asserted in parliament, that the Colonies have no relation to each other but through the Parent Country i.e. that Pennsylvania and the Jerseys, and so on for the rest, are sister Colonies by the way of England; this is certainly a very roundabout way of proving relationship, but it is the nearest and only true way of proving enmity (or enemyship, if I may so call it). France and Spain never more, nor perhaps ever will be, our enemies as Americans, but as our being the subjects of Great Britain. "

This excerpt is saying that each colony in America are only part of one nation through Great Britain, and because they are then British, they have to share the same enemies as Great Britain, even though they would never be enemies if the colonies were a separate nation from Engalnd.

"But, admitting that we were all of English descent, what does it amount to? Nothing. Britain, being now an open enemy, extinguishes every other name and title: and to say that reconciliation is our duty, is truly farcical. The first king of England, of the present line (William the Conqueror) was a Frenchman, and half the peers of England are descendants from the same country; wherefore, by the same method of reasoning, England ought to be governed by France."

This excerpt means that the colonists, even though they have Britsh blood, are not British in any other way because England is the colonies' enemy. Also, the first french king of England being French, along with half the citizens, does not mean that England is ruled by France and that the colonies should not be ruled by England.

http://www.sagehistory.net/revolution/topics/PaineCommonSense.html

What is Enlightenment?

1. He says that "freedom" is ability to be able to share his opinions with the public and makee good use out of them.

2. He thinks that the more free we are, the more enligtened.

3. People becme enlightened by leaving behind their childish immaturity along with other people.

4. He uses religion, a major political issue, as an example of enlightenment.

Pericles Funeral Oration

1. What makes Athens great is the fact that they have a strong army that fights in portions, yet they still win. Also, they are well educated at an early age and don't exclude anyone from Athens.

2. Athens fighting / army style is different compared to other city-states. Sparta fights with not only their entire army, but with their allies. Athens on the other hand only fights with part of their army.

3. Their are some things wrong with Pericles' description of Athens. He describes a man who minds his own business as "good for nothing." Everyone is good for something, even if it doesn't have something to do with you personally.

Plato & Aristotle Notes

Plato
Lived from 428 B.C. - 347 B.C.
He was a son and descendent of Kings
He was aristocratic (rich)
His mother married Pericles
He was well-educated
He was a student of Socrates
He was forced to watch the excecution of Socrates in 399 B.C.
He left Athens to travel
When he returned, he created the first university called "the Academy" in Athens
He wrote a lot of dialogues about what he believes
He came up with the idea of Atlantis
He came up with the idea of Hell
He thought that the state should contain 3 parts:

1. Desiring (Lower Class)
2. Spirited (Middle Class)
3. Rational (Upper Class)

People who were in the upper class were well-educated

Some in the upper class who took a position in government had to give up their land, money, etc.

Aristotle

Lived from 384 B.C. - 322 B.C.

He was one of the most famous philosophers and scientists of Athens

His father was a royal physician

He moved to Athens at 17 years old and enrolled at "the Academy"

He became a teacher at "the Academy"

His home was sacked by the Macedonians, so he was not able to go back home after Plato died and the school closed

He took off to Asia Minor and married one of the King's daughters

He moved to the Macedonian capital of Pella and became friendswith King Phillipe II

He became Alexander the Great's personal tutor

He created his own school called "Lyceum" which was a parapetetic school

Alexander the Great died n 323 B.C.

He spent his last year away from school in a family compound and died a year later

He thought of geocentricity which was later proven wrong

He thought of the elements

He thought that denser objects of the same material and size would fall faster than less dense objects, which was also proven wrong

He thought that every species produces its own type (no evolution)

Plato thought that the perfect ruler should be a lover of mankind, which probably started getting into his head when a past ruler ordered the excecution of Socrates.

Aristotle thought women shoudl have equal rights as men throughout each state, which is probably because the rights were so varied depending on who you were and where you lived.

Top 10 World Issues

Here is a list of my top 10 global issues today.

10. Oil
Oil is an important issue because the oil levels are depleating and we are just starting to come up with alternatives. Most of the oil left is in the middle east, creating more dispute over who owns it. Also, the more the oil depletes, the higher the price is raised, which leads to money just being dumped down the drain at the expense of the government.

9. Iraq
Too many soldiers and civilians and dieing in the war over in Iraq. This war has gone on way too long and is pointless, yet people are still dieing over it.

8. World Debt
Many countries are in major debt including a lot of third world countries and the United States of America. We have to try and pay off these debts, even though there are many more important things we could and should do with the money.

7. Natural Disasters
Natural disasters are destroying natural habitats and manmade homes. This is creating more poverty around the world and pollution of rubble and trash from torn up homes.

6. Human Rights
Human rights vary throughtout the world, but they all discriminate against someone. This is going to lead to another revolt like we've had in the past, but at a much larger level with the technology available today.

5. Poverty
Poverty is important because the homeless rate and hunger rate are growing and we have nowhere to put them and nothing to feed them.

4. Nuclear Weapons
Many countries that rival each other are developing the technology of nuclear weapons. This will lead to the start of a nuclear war. Everyone in the war could die, plus people not even near it because of all the radiation given off.

3. AIDS / HIV
AIDS and HIV are really important because they are spreading around the world and their is still no cure. It is one of the most abundant causes of death.

2. Human Population Growth
Human population growth is really important because the world population is still growing rapidly. Eventually we are going to run out of room on Earth and in the process, destory habitats for other species around the world.

1. Global Warming
Global Warming is one of the most important issues today because the atmosphere is heating up rapidly, which is melting polar ice caps. This is destroying habitats for nothern and southern widlife. It is also making sea levels rise, causing dramatic changes all over the world.